<洪武帝>[こうぶてい] =
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor
= <朱元璋>[しゅげんしょう]
<永楽帝>[えいらくてい] =
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongle_Emperor
<鄭和>[ていわ] =
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He
<北虜南倭>[ほくりょなんわ]
= Mongols to the north,
<倭寇>[わこう]
to the south
タタール =
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars
, a group of Mongols
オイラート =
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oirats
, another group of Mongols
<土木>[どぼく]の<変>[へん] =
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumu_Crisis
<万暦帝>[ばんれきてい] =
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanli_Emperor
<張居正>[ちょうきょせい] =
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Juzheng
<李自成>[りじせい] =
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zicheng
<秦良玉>[しんりょうぎょく] =
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Liangyu